======== GDAL API ======== .. module:: django.contrib.gis.gdal :synopsis: GeoDjango's high-level interface to the GDAL library. `GDAL`__ stands for **Geospatial Data Abstraction Library**, and is a veritable "Swiss army knife" of GIS data functionality. A subset of GDAL is the `OGR`__ Simple Features Library, which specializes in reading and writing vector geographic data in a variety of standard formats. GeoDjango provides a high-level Python interface for some of the capabilities of OGR, including the reading and coordinate transformation of vector spatial data and minimal support for GDAL's features with respect to raster (image) data. .. note:: Although the module is named ``gdal``, GeoDjango only supports some of the capabilities of OGR and GDAL's raster features at this time. __ http://www.gdal.org/ __ http://www.gdal.org/ogr_arch.html Overview ======== .. _gdal_sample_data: Sample Data ----------- The GDAL/OGR tools described here are designed to help you read in your geospatial data, in order for most of them to be useful you have to have some data to work with. If you're starting out and don't yet have any data of your own to use, GeoDjango tests contain a number of simple data sets that you can use for testing. You can download them here:: $ wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/django/django/master/tests/gis_tests/data/cities/cities.{shp,prj,shx,dbf} $ wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/django/django/master/tests/gis_tests/data/rasters/raster.tif Vector Data Source Objects ========================== ``DataSource`` -------------- :class:`DataSource` is a wrapper for the OGR data source object that supports reading data from a variety of OGR-supported geospatial file formats and data sources using a simple, consistent interface. Each data source is represented by a :class:`DataSource` object which contains one or more layers of data. Each layer, represented by a :class:`Layer` object, contains some number of geographic features (:class:`Feature`), information about the type of features contained in that layer (e.g. points, polygons, etc.), as well as the names and types of any additional fields (:class:`Field`) of data that may be associated with each feature in that layer. .. class:: DataSource(ds_input, encoding='utf-8') The constructor for ``DataSource`` only requires one parameter: the path of the file you want to read. However, OGR also supports a variety of more complex data sources, including databases, that may be accessed by passing a special name string instead of a path. For more information, see the `OGR Vector Formats`__ documentation. The :attr:`name` property of a ``DataSource`` instance gives the OGR name of the underlying data source that it is using. The optional ``encoding`` parameter allows you to specify a non-standard encoding of the strings in the source. This is typically useful when you obtain ``DjangoUnicodeDecodeError`` exceptions while reading field values. Once you've created your ``DataSource``, you can find out how many layers of data it contains by accessing the :attr:`layer_count` property, or (equivalently) by using the ``len()`` function. For information on accessing the layers of data themselves, see the next section:: >>> from django.contrib.gis.gdal import DataSource >>> ds = DataSource('/path/to/your/cities.shp') >>> ds.name '/path/to/your/cities.shp' >>> ds.layer_count # This file only contains one layer 1 .. attribute:: layer_count Returns the number of layers in the data source. .. attribute:: name Returns the name of the data source. __ http://www.gdal.org/ogr_formats.html ``Layer`` --------- .. class:: Layer ``Layer`` is a wrapper for a layer of data in a ``DataSource`` object. You never create a ``Layer`` object directly. Instead, you retrieve them from a :class:`DataSource` object, which is essentially a standard Python container of ``Layer`` objects. For example, you can access a specific layer by its index (e.g. ``ds[0]`` to access the first layer), or you can iterate over all the layers in the container in a ``for`` loop. The ``Layer`` itself acts as a container for geometric features. Typically, all the features in a given layer have the same geometry type. The :attr:`geom_type` property of a layer is an :class:`OGRGeomType` that identifies the feature type. We can use it to print out some basic information about each layer in a :class:`DataSource`:: >>> for layer in ds: ... print('Layer "%s": %i %ss' % (layer.name, len(layer), layer.geom_type.name)) ... Layer "cities": 3 Points The example output is from the cities data source, loaded above, which evidently contains one layer, called ``"cities"``, which contains three point features. For simplicity, the examples below assume that you've stored that layer in the variable ``layer``:: >>> layer = ds[0] .. attribute:: name Returns the name of this layer in the data source. >>> layer.name 'cities' .. attribute:: num_feat Returns the number of features in the layer. Same as ``len(layer)``:: >>> layer.num_feat 3 .. attribute:: geom_type Returns the geometry type of the layer, as an :class:`OGRGeomType` object:: >>> layer.geom_type.name 'Point' .. attribute:: num_fields Returns the number of fields in the layer, i.e the number of fields of data associated with each feature in the layer:: >>> layer.num_fields 4 .. attribute:: fields Returns a list of the names of each of the fields in this layer:: >>> layer.fields ['Name', 'Population', 'Density', 'Created'] .. attribute field_types Returns a list of the data types of each of the fields in this layer. These are subclasses of ``Field``, discussed below:: >>> [ft.__name__ for ft in layer.field_types] ['OFTString', 'OFTReal', 'OFTReal', 'OFTDate'] .. attribute:: field_widths Returns a list of the maximum field widths for each of the fields in this layer:: >>> layer.field_widths [80, 11, 24, 10] .. attribute:: field_precisions Returns a list of the numeric precisions for each of the fields in this layer. This is meaningless (and set to zero) for non-numeric fields:: >>> layer.field_precisions [0, 0, 15, 0] .. attribute:: extent Returns the spatial extent of this layer, as an :class:`Envelope` object:: >>> layer.extent.tuple (-104.609252, 29.763374, -95.23506, 38.971823) .. attribute:: srs Property that returns the :class:`SpatialReference` associated with this layer:: >>> print(layer.srs) GEOGCS["GCS_WGS_1984", DATUM["WGS_1984", SPHEROID["WGS_1984",6378137,298.257223563]], PRIMEM["Greenwich",0], UNIT["Degree",0.017453292519943295]] If the :class:`Layer` has no spatial reference information associated with it, ``None`` is returned. .. attribute:: spatial_filter Property that may be used to retrieve or set a spatial filter for this layer. A spatial filter can only be set with an :class:`OGRGeometry` instance, a 4-tuple extent, or ``None``. When set with something other than ``None``, only features that intersect the filter will be returned when iterating over the layer:: >>> print(layer.spatial_filter) None >>> print(len(layer)) 3 >>> [feat.get('Name') for feat in layer] ['Pueblo', 'Lawrence', 'Houston'] >>> ks_extent = (-102.051, 36.99, -94.59, 40.00) # Extent for state of Kansas >>> layer.spatial_filter = ks_extent >>> len(layer) 1 >>> [feat.get('Name') for feat in layer] ['Lawrence'] >>> layer.spatial_filter = None >>> len(layer) 3 .. method:: get_fields() A method that returns a list of the values of a given field for each feature in the layer:: >>> layer.get_fields('Name') ['Pueblo', 'Lawrence', 'Houston'] .. method:: get_geoms(geos=False) A method that returns a list containing the geometry of each feature in the layer. If the optional argument ``geos`` is set to ``True`` then the geometries are converted to :class:`~django.contrib.gis.geos.GEOSGeometry` objects. Otherwise, they are returned as :class:`OGRGeometry` objects:: >>> [pt.tuple for pt in layer.get_geoms()] [(-104.609252, 38.255001), (-95.23506, 38.971823), (-95.363151, 29.763374)] .. method:: test_capability(capability) Returns a boolean indicating whether this layer supports the given capability (a string). Examples of valid capability strings include: ``'RandomRead'``, ``'SequentialWrite'``, ``'RandomWrite'``, ``'FastSpatialFilter'``, ``'FastFeatureCount'``, ``'FastGetExtent'``, ``'CreateField'``, ``'Transactions'``, ``'DeleteFeature'``, and ``'FastSetNextByIndex'``. ``Feature`` ----------- .. class:: Feature ``Feature`` wraps an OGR feature. You never create a ``Feature`` object directly. Instead, you retrieve them from a :class:`Layer` object. Each feature consists of a geometry and a set of fields containing additional properties. The geometry of a field is accessible via its ``geom`` property, which returns an :class:`OGRGeometry` object. A ``Feature`` behaves like a standard Python container for its fields, which it returns as :class:`Field` objects: you can access a field directly by its index or name, or you can iterate over a feature's fields, e.g. in a ``for`` loop. .. attribute:: geom Returns the geometry for this feature, as an ``OGRGeometry`` object:: >>> city.geom.tuple (-104.609252, 38.255001) .. attribute:: get A method that returns the value of the given field (specified by name) for this feature, **not** a ``Field`` wrapper object:: >>> city.get('Population') 102121 .. attribute:: geom_type Returns the type of geometry for this feature, as an :class:`OGRGeomType` object. This will be the same for all features in a given layer, and is equivalent to the :attr:`Layer.geom_type` property of the :class:`Layer` object the feature came from. .. attribute:: num_fields Returns the number of fields of data associated with the feature. This will be the same for all features in a given layer, and is equivalent to the :attr:`Layer.num_fields` property of the :class:`Layer` object the feature came from. .. attribute:: fields Returns a list of the names of the fields of data associated with the feature. This will be the same for all features in a given layer, and is equivalent to the :attr:`Layer.fields` property of the :class:`Layer` object the feature came from. .. attribute:: fid Returns the feature identifier within the layer:: >>> city.fid 0 .. attribute:: layer_name Returns the name of the :class:`Layer` that the feature came from. This will be the same for all features in a given layer:: >>> city.layer_name 'cities' .. attribute:: index A method that returns the index of the given field name. This will be the same for all features in a given layer:: >>> city.index('Population') 1 ``Field`` --------- .. class:: Field .. attribute:: name Returns the name of this field:: >>> city['Name'].name 'Name' .. attribute:: type Returns the OGR type of this field, as an integer. The ``FIELD_CLASSES`` dictionary maps these values onto subclasses of ``Field``:: >>> city['Density'].type 2 .. attribute:: type_name Returns a string with the name of the data type of this field:: >>> city['Name'].type_name 'String' .. attribute:: value Returns the value of this field. The ``Field`` class itself returns the value as a string, but each subclass returns the value in the most appropriate form:: >>> city['Population'].value 102121 .. attribute:: width Returns the width of this field:: >>> city['Name'].width 80 .. attribute:: precision Returns the numeric precision of this field. This is meaningless (and set to zero) for non-numeric fields:: >>> city['Density'].precision 15 .. method:: as_double() Returns the value of the field as a double (float):: >>> city['Density'].as_double() 874.7 .. method:: as_int() Returns the value of the field as an integer:: >>> city['Population'].as_int() 102121 .. method:: as_string() Returns the value of the field as a string:: >>> city['Name'].as_string() 'Pueblo' .. method:: as_datetime() Returns the value of the field as a tuple of date and time components:: >>> city['Created'].as_datetime() (c_long(1999), c_long(5), c_long(23), c_long(0), c_long(0), c_long(0), c_long(0)) ``Driver`` ---------- .. class:: Driver(dr_input) The ``Driver`` class is used internally to wrap an OGR :class:`DataSource` driver. .. attribute:: driver_count Returns the number of OGR vector drivers currently registered. OGR Geometries ============== ``OGRGeometry`` --------------- :class:`OGRGeometry` objects share similar functionality with :class:`~django.contrib.gis.geos.GEOSGeometry` objects, and are thin wrappers around OGR's internal geometry representation. Thus, they allow for more efficient access to data when using :class:`DataSource`. Unlike its GEOS counterpart, :class:`OGRGeometry` supports spatial reference systems and coordinate transformation:: >>> from django.contrib.gis.gdal import OGRGeometry >>> polygon = OGRGeometry('POLYGON((0 0, 5 0, 5 5, 0 5))') .. class:: OGRGeometry(geom_input, srs=None) This object is a wrapper for the `OGR Geometry`__ class. These objects are instantiated directly from the given ``geom_input`` parameter, which may be a string containing WKT, HEX, GeoJSON, a ``buffer`` containing WKB data, or an :class:`OGRGeomType` object. These objects are also returned from the :class:`Feature.geom` attribute, when reading vector data from :class:`Layer` (which is in turn a part of a :class:`DataSource`). __ http://www.gdal.org/classOGRGeometry.html .. classmethod:: from_bbox(bbox) Constructs a :class:`Polygon` from the given bounding-box (a 4-tuple). .. method:: __len__() Returns the number of points in a :class:`LineString`, the number of rings in a :class:`Polygon`, or the number of geometries in a :class:`GeometryCollection`. Not applicable to other geometry types. .. method:: __iter__() Iterates over the points in a :class:`LineString`, the rings in a :class:`Polygon`, or the geometries in a :class:`GeometryCollection`. Not applicable to other geometry types. .. method:: __getitem__() Returns the point at the specified index for a :class:`LineString`, the interior ring at the specified index for a :class:`Polygon`, or the geometry at the specified index in a :class:`GeometryCollection`. Not applicable to other geometry types. .. attribute:: dimension Returns the number of coordinated dimensions of the geometry, i.e. 0 for points, 1 for lines, and so forth:: >> polygon.dimension 2 .. attribute:: coord_dim Returns or sets the coordinate dimension of this geometry. For example, the value would be 2 for two-dimensional geometries. .. attribute:: geom_count Returns the number of elements in this geometry:: >>> polygon.geom_count 1 .. attribute:: point_count Returns the number of points used to describe this geometry:: >>> polygon.point_count 4 .. attribute:: num_points Alias for :attr:`point_count`. .. attribute:: num_coords Alias for :attr:`point_count`. .. attribute:: geom_type Returns the type of this geometry, as an :class:`OGRGeomType` object. .. attribute:: geom_name Returns the name of the type of this geometry:: >>> polygon.geom_name 'POLYGON' .. attribute:: area Returns the area of this geometry, or 0 for geometries that do not contain an area:: >>> polygon.area 25.0 .. attribute:: envelope Returns the envelope of this geometry, as an :class:`Envelope` object. .. attribute:: extent Returns the envelope of this geometry as a 4-tuple, instead of as an :class:`Envelope` object:: >>> point.extent (0.0, 0.0, 5.0, 5.0) .. attribute:: srs This property controls the spatial reference for this geometry, or ``None`` if no spatial reference system has been assigned to it. If assigned, accessing this property returns a :class:`SpatialReference` object. It may be set with another :class:`SpatialReference` object, or any input that :class:`SpatialReference` accepts. Example:: >>> city.geom.srs.name 'GCS_WGS_1984' .. attribute:: srid Returns or sets the spatial reference identifier corresponding to :class:`SpatialReference` of this geometry. Returns ``None`` if there is no spatial reference information associated with this geometry, or if an SRID cannot be determined. .. attribute:: geos Returns a :class:`~django.contrib.gis.geos.GEOSGeometry` object corresponding to this geometry. .. attribute:: gml Returns a string representation of this geometry in GML format:: >>> OGRGeometry('POINT(1 2)').gml '1,2' .. attribute:: hex Returns a string representation of this geometry in HEX WKB format:: >>> OGRGeometry('POINT(1 2)').hex '0101000000000000000000F03F0000000000000040' .. attribute:: json Returns a string representation of this geometry in JSON format:: >>> OGRGeometry('POINT(1 2)').json '{ "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 1.000000, 2.000000 ] }' .. attribute:: kml Returns a string representation of this geometry in KML format. .. attribute:: wkb_size Returns the size of the WKB buffer needed to hold a WKB representation of this geometry:: >>> OGRGeometry('POINT(1 2)').wkb_size 21 .. attribute:: wkb Returns a ``buffer`` containing a WKB representation of this geometry. .. attribute:: wkt Returns a string representation of this geometry in WKT format. .. attribute:: ewkt Returns the EWKT representation of this geometry. .. method:: clone() Returns a new :class:`OGRGeometry` clone of this geometry object. .. method:: close_rings() If there are any rings within this geometry that have not been closed, this routine will do so by adding the starting point to the end:: >>> triangle = OGRGeometry('LINEARRING (0 0,0 1,1 0)') >>> triangle.close_rings() >>> triangle.wkt 'LINEARRING (0 0,0 1,1 0,0 0)' .. method:: transform(coord_trans, clone=False) Transforms this geometry to a different spatial reference system. May take a :class:`CoordTransform` object, a :class:`SpatialReference` object, or any other input accepted by :class:`SpatialReference` (including spatial reference WKT and PROJ.4 strings, or an integer SRID). By default nothing is returned and the geometry is transformed in-place. However, if the ``clone`` keyword is set to ``True`` then a transformed clone of this geometry is returned instead. .. method:: intersects(other) Returns ``True`` if this geometry intersects the other, otherwise returns ``False``. .. method:: equals(other) Returns ``True`` if this geometry is equivalent to the other, otherwise returns ``False``. .. method:: disjoint(other) Returns ``True`` if this geometry is spatially disjoint to (i.e. does not intersect) the other, otherwise returns ``False``. .. method:: touches(other) Returns ``True`` if this geometry touches the other, otherwise returns ``False``. .. method:: crosses(other) Returns ``True`` if this geometry crosses the other, otherwise returns ``False``. .. method:: within(other) Returns ``True`` if this geometry is contained within the other, otherwise returns ``False``. .. method:: contains(other) Returns ``True`` if this geometry contains the other, otherwise returns ``False``. .. method:: overlaps(other) Returns ``True`` if this geometry overlaps the other, otherwise returns ``False``. .. method:: boundary() The boundary of this geometry, as a new :class:`OGRGeometry` object. .. attribute:: convex_hull The smallest convex polygon that contains this geometry, as a new :class:`OGRGeometry` object. .. method:: difference() Returns the region consisting of the difference of this geometry and the other, as a new :class:`OGRGeometry` object. .. method:: intersection() Returns the region consisting of the intersection of this geometry and the other, as a new :class:`OGRGeometry` object. .. method:: sym_difference() Returns the region consisting of the symmetric difference of this geometry and the other, as a new :class:`OGRGeometry` object. .. method:: union() Returns the region consisting of the union of this geometry and the other, as a new :class:`OGRGeometry` object. .. attribute:: tuple Returns the coordinates of a point geometry as a tuple, the coordinates of a line geometry as a tuple of tuples, and so forth:: >>> OGRGeometry('POINT (1 2)').tuple (1.0, 2.0) >>> OGRGeometry('LINESTRING (1 2,3 4)').tuple ((1.0, 2.0), (3.0, 4.0)) .. attribute:: coords An alias for :attr:`tuple`. .. class:: Point .. attribute:: x Returns the X coordinate of this point:: >>> OGRGeometry('POINT (1 2)').x 1.0 .. attribute:: y Returns the Y coordinate of this point:: >>> OGRGeometry('POINT (1 2)').y 2.0 .. attribute:: z Returns the Z coordinate of this point, or ``None`` if the point does not have a Z coordinate:: >>> OGRGeometry('POINT (1 2 3)').z 3.0 .. class:: LineString .. attribute:: x Returns a list of X coordinates in this line:: >>> OGRGeometry('LINESTRING (1 2,3 4)').x [1.0, 3.0] .. attribute:: y Returns a list of Y coordinates in this line:: >>> OGRGeometry('LINESTRING (1 2,3 4)').y [2.0, 4.0] .. attribute:: z Returns a list of Z coordinates in this line, or ``None`` if the line does not have Z coordinates:: >>> OGRGeometry('LINESTRING (1 2 3,4 5 6)').z [3.0, 6.0] .. class:: Polygon .. attribute:: shell Returns the shell or exterior ring of this polygon, as a ``LinearRing`` geometry. .. attribute:: exterior_ring An alias for :attr:`shell`. .. attribute:: centroid Returns a :class:`Point` representing the centroid of this polygon. .. class:: GeometryCollection .. method:: add(geom) Adds a geometry to this geometry collection. Not applicable to other geometry types. ``OGRGeomType`` --------------- .. class:: OGRGeomType(type_input) This class allows for the representation of an OGR geometry type in any of several ways:: >>> from django.contrib.gis.gdal import OGRGeomType >>> gt1 = OGRGeomType(3) # Using an integer for the type >>> gt2 = OGRGeomType('Polygon') # Using a string >>> gt3 = OGRGeomType('POLYGON') # It's case-insensitive >>> print(gt1 == 3, gt1 == 'Polygon') # Equivalence works w/non-OGRGeomType objects True True .. attribute:: name Returns a short-hand string form of the OGR Geometry type:: >>> gt1.name 'Polygon' .. attribute:: num Returns the number corresponding to the OGR geometry type:: >>> gt1.num 3 .. attribute:: django Returns the Django field type (a subclass of GeometryField) to use for storing this OGR type, or ``None`` if there is no appropriate Django type:: >>> gt1.django 'PolygonField' ``Envelope`` ------------ .. class:: Envelope(*args) Represents an OGR Envelope structure that contains the minimum and maximum X, Y coordinates for a rectangle bounding box. The naming of the variables is compatible with the OGR Envelope C structure. .. attribute:: min_x The value of the minimum X coordinate. .. attribute:: min_y The value of the maximum X coordinate. .. attribute:: max_x The value of the minimum Y coordinate. .. attribute:: max_y The value of the maximum Y coordinate. .. attribute:: ur The upper-right coordinate, as a tuple. .. attribute:: ll The lower-left coordinate, as a tuple. .. attribute:: tuple A tuple representing the envelope. .. attribute:: wkt A string representing this envelope as a polygon in WKT format. .. method:: expand_to_include(*args) Coordinate System Objects ========================= ``SpatialReference`` -------------------- .. class:: SpatialReference(srs_input) Spatial reference objects are initialized on the given ``srs_input``, which may be one of the following: * OGC Well Known Text (WKT) (a string) * EPSG code (integer or string) * PROJ.4 string * A shorthand string for well-known standards (``'WGS84'``, ``'WGS72'``, ``'NAD27'``, ``'NAD83'``) Example:: >>> wgs84 = SpatialReference('WGS84') # shorthand string >>> wgs84 = SpatialReference(4326) # EPSG code >>> wgs84 = SpatialReference('EPSG:4326') # EPSG string >>> proj4 = '+proj=longlat +ellps=WGS84 +datum=WGS84 +no_defs ' >>> wgs84 = SpatialReference(proj4) # PROJ.4 string >>> wgs84 = SpatialReference("""GEOGCS["WGS 84", DATUM["WGS_1984", SPHEROID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563, AUTHORITY["EPSG","7030"]], AUTHORITY["EPSG","6326"]], PRIMEM["Greenwich",0, AUTHORITY["EPSG","8901"]], UNIT["degree",0.01745329251994328, AUTHORITY["EPSG","9122"]], AUTHORITY["EPSG","4326"]]""") # OGC WKT .. method:: __getitem__(target) Returns the value of the given string attribute node, ``None`` if the node doesn't exist. Can also take a tuple as a parameter, (target, child), where child is the index of the attribute in the WKT. For example:: >>> wkt = 'GEOGCS["WGS 84", DATUM["WGS_1984, ... AUTHORITY["EPSG","4326"]]') >>> srs = SpatialReference(wkt) # could also use 'WGS84', or 4326 >>> print(srs['GEOGCS']) WGS 84 >>> print(srs['DATUM']) WGS_1984 >>> print(srs['AUTHORITY']) EPSG >>> print(srs['AUTHORITY', 1]) # The authority value 4326 >>> print(srs['TOWGS84', 4]) # the fourth value in this wkt 0 >>> print(srs['UNIT|AUTHORITY']) # For the units authority, have to use the pipe symbol. EPSG >>> print(srs['UNIT|AUTHORITY', 1]) # The authority value for the units 9122 .. method:: attr_value(target, index=0) The attribute value for the given target node (e.g. ``'PROJCS'``). The index keyword specifies an index of the child node to return. .. method:: auth_name(target) Returns the authority name for the given string target node. .. method:: auth_code(target) Returns the authority code for the given string target node. .. method:: clone() Returns a clone of this spatial reference object. .. method:: identify_epsg() This method inspects the WKT of this SpatialReference, and will add EPSG authority nodes where an EPSG identifier is applicable. .. method:: from_esri() Morphs this SpatialReference from ESRI's format to EPSG .. method:: to_esri() Morphs this SpatialReference to ESRI's format. .. method:: validate() Checks to see if the given spatial reference is valid, if not an exception will be raised. .. method:: import_epsg(epsg) Import spatial reference from EPSG code. .. method:: import_proj(proj) Import spatial reference from PROJ.4 string. .. method:: import_user_input(user_input) .. method:: import_wkt(wkt) Import spatial reference from WKT. .. method:: import_xml(xml) Import spatial reference from XML. .. attribute:: name Returns the name of this Spatial Reference. .. attribute:: srid Returns the SRID of top-level authority, or ``None`` if undefined. .. attribute:: linear_name Returns the name of the linear units. .. attribute:: linear_units Returns the value of the linear units. .. attribute:: angular_name Returns the name of the angular units." .. attribute:: angular_units Returns the value of the angular units. .. attribute:: units Returns a 2-tuple of the units value and the units name, and will automatically determines whether to return the linear or angular units. .. attribute:: ellipsoid Returns a tuple of the ellipsoid parameters for this spatial reference: (semimajor axis, semiminor axis, and inverse flattening) .. attribute:: semi_major Returns the semi major axis of the ellipsoid for this spatial reference. .. attribute:: semi_minor Returns the semi minor axis of the ellipsoid for this spatial reference. .. attribute:: inverse_flattening Returns the inverse flattening of the ellipsoid for this spatial reference. .. attribute:: geographic Returns ``True`` if this spatial reference is geographic (root node is ``GEOGCS``). .. attribute:: local Returns ``True`` if this spatial reference is local (root node is ``LOCAL_CS``). .. attribute:: projected Returns ``True`` if this spatial reference is a projected coordinate system (root node is ``PROJCS``). .. attribute:: wkt Returns the WKT representation of this spatial reference. .. attribute:: pretty_wkt Returns the 'pretty' representation of the WKT. .. attribute:: proj Returns the PROJ.4 representation for this spatial reference. .. attribute:: proj4 Alias for :attr:`SpatialReference.proj`. .. attribute:: xml Returns the XML representation of this spatial reference. ``CoordTransform`` ------------------ .. class:: CoordTransform(source, target) Represents a coordinate system transform. It is initialized with two :class:`SpatialReference`, representing the source and target coordinate systems, respectively. These objects should be used when performing the same coordinate transformation repeatedly on different geometries:: >>> ct = CoordTransform(SpatialReference('WGS84'), SpatialReference('NAD83')) >>> for feat in layer: ... geom = feat.geom # getting clone of feature geometry ... geom.transform(ct) # transforming .. _raster-data-source-objects: Raster Data Objects =================== .. versionadded:: 1.8 ``GDALRaster`` ---------------- :class:`GDALRaster` is a wrapper for the GDAL raster source object that supports reading data from a variety of GDAL-supported geospatial file formats and data sources using a simple, consistent interface. Each data source is represented by a :class:`GDALRaster` object which contains one or more layers of data named bands. Each band, represented by a :class:`GDALBand` object, contains georeferenced image data. For example, an RGB image is represented as three bands: one for red, one for green, and one for blue. .. note:: For raster data there is no difference between a raster instance and its data source. Unlike for the Geometry objects, :class:`GDALRaster` objects are always a data source. Temporary rasters can be instantiated in memory using the corresponding driver, but they will be of the same class as file-based raster sources. .. class:: GDALRaster(ds_input, write=False) The constructor for ``GDALRaster`` accepts two parameters. The first parameter defines the raster source, it is either a path to a file or spatial data with values defining the properties of a new raster (such as size and name). If the input is a file path, the second parameter specifies if the raster should be opened with write access. If the input is raw data, the parameters ``width``, ``height``, and ``srid`` are required. The following example shows how rasters can be created from different input sources (using the sample data from the GeoDjango tests, see also the :ref:`gdal_sample_data` section):: >>> from django.contrib.gis.gdal import GDALRaster >>> rst = GDALRaster('/path/to/your/raster.tif', write=False) >>> rst.name '/path/to/your/raster.tif' >>> rst.width, rst.height # This file has 163 x 174 pixels (163, 174) >>> rst = GDALRaster({'srid': 4326, 'width': 1, 'height': 2, 'datatype': 1 ... 'bands': [{'data': [0, 1]}]}) # Creates in-memory raster >>> rst.srs.srid 4326 >>> rst.width, rst.height (1, 2) >>> rst.bands[0].data() array([[0, 1]], dtype=int8) .. versionchanged:: 1.9 ``GDALRaster`` objects can now be instantiated directly from raw data. Setters have been added for the following properties: ``srs``, ``geotransform``, ``origin``, ``scale``, and ``skew``. .. attribute:: name The name of the source which is equivalent to the input file path or the name provided upon instantiation. >>> GDALRaster({'width': 10, 'height': 10, 'name': 'myraster', 'srid': 4326}).name 'myraster' .. attribute:: driver The name of the GDAL driver used to handle the input file. For ``GDALRaster``\s created from a file, the driver type is detected automatically. The creation of rasters from scratch is a in-memory raster by default (``'MEM'``), but can be altered as needed. For instance, use ``GTiff`` for a ``GeoTiff`` file. For a list of file types, see also the `GDAL Raster Formats`__ list. __ http://www.gdal.org/formats_list.html An in-memory raster is created through the following example: >>> GDALRaster({'width': 10, 'height': 10, 'srid': 4326}).driver.name 'MEM' A file based GeoTiff raster is created through the following example: >>> import tempfile >>> rstfile = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix='.tif') >>> rst = GDALRaster({'driver': 'GTiff', 'name': rstfile.name, 'srid': 4326, ... 'width': 255, 'height': 255, 'nr_of_bands': 1}) >>> rst.name '/tmp/tmp7x9H4J.tif' # The exact filename will be different on your computer >>> rst.driver.name 'GTiff' .. attribute:: width The width of the source in pixels (X-axis). >>> GDALRaster({'width': 10, 'height': 20, 'srid': 4326}).width 10 .. attribute:: height The height of the source in pixels (Y-axis). >>> GDALRaster({'width': 10, 'height': 20, 'srid': 4326}).height 20 .. attribute:: srs The spatial reference system of the raster, as a :class:`SpatialReference` instance. The SRS can be changed by setting it to an other :class:`SpatialReference` or providing any input that is accepted by the :class:`SpatialReference` constructor. >>> rst = GDALRaster({'width': 10, 'height': 20, 'srid': 4326}) >>> rst.srs.srid 4326 >>> rst.srs = 3086 >>> rst.srs.srid 3086 .. attribute:: geotransform The affine transformation matrix used to georeference the source, as a tuple of six coefficients which map pixel/line coordinates into georeferenced space using the following relationship:: Xgeo = GT(0) + Xpixel*GT(1) + Yline*GT(2) Ygeo = GT(3) + Xpixel*GT(4) + Yline*GT(5) The same values can be retrieved by accessing the :attr:`origin` (indices 0 and 3), :attr:`scale` (indices 1 and 5) and :attr:`skew` (indices 2 and 4) properties. The default is ``[0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, -1.0]``. >>> rst = GDALRaster({'width': 10, 'height': 20, 'srid': 4326}) >>> rst.geotransform [0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, -1.0] .. attribute:: origin Coordinates of the top left origin of the raster in the spatial reference system of the source, as a point object with ``x`` and ``y`` members. >>> rst = GDALRaster({'width': 10, 'height': 20, 'srid': 4326}) >>> rst.origin [0.0, 0.0] >>> rst.origin.x = 1 >>> rst.origin [1.0, 0.0] .. attribute:: scale Pixel width and height used for georeferencing the raster, as a as a point object with ``x`` and ``y`` members. See :attr:`geotransform` for more information. >>> rst = GDALRaster({'width': 10, 'height': 20, 'srid': 4326}) >>> rst.scale [1.0, -1.0] >>> rst.scale.x = 2 >>> rst.scale [2.0, -1.0] .. attribute:: skew Skew coefficients used to georeference the raster, as a point object with ``x`` and ``y`` members. In case of north up images, these coefficients are both ``0``. >>> rst = GDALRaster({'width': 10, 'height': 20, 'srid': 4326}) >>> rst.skew [0.0, 0.0] >>> rst.skew.x = 3 >>> rst.skew [3.0, 0.0] .. attribute:: extent Extent (boundary values) of the raster source, as a 4-tuple ``(xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax)`` in the spatial reference system of the source. >>> rst = GDALRaster({'width': 10, 'height': 20, 'srid': 4326}) >>> rst.extent (0.0, -20.0, 10.0, 0.0) >>> rst.origin.x = 100 >>> rst.extent (100.0, -20.0, 110.0, 0.0) .. attribute:: bands List of all bands of the source, as :class:`GDALBand` instances. >>> rst = GDALRaster({"width": 1, "height": 2, 'srid': 4326, ... "bands": [{"data": [0, 1]}, {"data": [2, 3]}]}) >>> len(rst.bands) 2 >>> rst.bands[1].data() array([[ 2., 3.]], dtype=float32) .. method:: warp(ds_input, resampling='NearestNeighbour', max_error=0.0) .. versionadded:: 1.9 Returns a warped version of this raster. The warping parameters can be specified through the ``ds_input`` argument. The use of ``ds_input`` is analogous to the corresponding argument of the class constructor. It is a dictionary with the characteristics of the target raster. Allowed dictionary key values are width, height, SRID, origin, scale, skew, datatype, driver, and name (filename). By default, the warp functions keeps most parameters equal to the values of the original source raster, so only parameters that should be changed need to be specified. Note that this includes the driver, so for file-based rasters the warp function will create a new raster on disk. The only parameter that is set differently from the source raster is the name. The default value of the the raster name is the name of the source raster appended with ``'_copy' + source_driver_name``. For file-based rasters it is recommended to provide the file path of the target raster. The resampling algorithm used for warping can be specified with the ``resampling`` argument. The default is ``NearestNeighbor``, and the other allowed values are ``Bilinear``, ``Cubic``, ``CubicSpline``, ``Lanczos``, ``Average``, and ``Mode``. The ``max_error`` argument can be used to specify the maximum error measured in input pixels that is allowed in approximating the transformation. The default is 0.0 for exact calculations. For users familiar with ``GDAL``, this function has a similar functionality to the ``gdalwarp`` command-line utility. For example, the warp function can be used for aggregating a raster to the double of its original pixel scale: >>> rst = GDALRaster({ ... "width": 6, "height": 6, "srid": 3086, ... "origin": [500000, 400000], ... "scale": [100, -100], ... "bands": [{"data": range(36), "nodata_value": 99}] ... }) >>> target = rst.warp({"scale": [200, -200], "width": 3, "height": 3}) >>> target.bands[0].data() array([[ 7., 9., 11.], [ 19., 21., 23.], [ 31., 33., 35.]], dtype=float32) .. method:: transform(srid, driver=None, name=None, resampling='NearestNeighbour', max_error=0.0) .. versionadded:: 1.9 Returns a transformed version of this raster with the specified SRID. This function transforms the current raster into a new spatial reference system that can be specified with an ``srid``. It calculates the bounds and scale of the current raster in the new spatial reference system and warps the raster using the :attr:`~GDALRaster.warp` function. By default, the driver of the source raster is used and the name of the raster is the original name appended with ``'_copy' + source_driver_name``. A different driver or name can be specified with the ``driver`` and ``name`` arguments. The default resampling algorithm is ``NearestNeighbour`` but can be changed using the ``resampling`` argument. The default maximum allowed error for resampling is 0.0 and can be changed using the ``max_error`` argument. Consult the :attr:`~GDALRaster.warp` documentation for detail on those arguments. >>> rst = GDALRaster({ ... "width": 6, "height": 6, "srid": 3086, ... "origin": [500000, 400000], ... "scale": [100, -100], ... "bands": [{"data": range(36), "nodata_value": 99}] ... }) >>> target = rst.transform(4326) >>> target.origin [-82.98492744885776, 27.601924753080144] ``GDALBand`` ------------ .. class:: GDALBand ``GDALBand`` instances are not created explicitly, but rather obtained from a :class:`GDALRaster` object, through its :attr:`~GDALRaster.bands` attribute. The GDALBands contain the actual pixel values of the raster. .. attribute:: description The name or description of the band, if any. .. attribute:: width The width of the band in pixels (X-axis). .. attribute:: height The height of the band in pixels (Y-axis). .. attribute:: pixel_count .. versionadded:: 1.9 The total number of pixels in this band. Is equal to ``width * height``. .. attribute:: min The minimum pixel value of the band (excluding the "no data" value). .. attribute:: max The maximum pixel value of the band (excluding the "no data" value). .. attribute:: nodata_value The "no data" value for a band is generally a special marker value used to mark pixels that are not valid data. Such pixels should generally not be displayed, nor contribute to analysis operations. .. versionchanged:: 1.9 This property can now be set as well. .. method:: datatype(as_string=False) The data type contained in the band, as an integer constant between 0 (Unknown) and 11. If ``as_string`` is ``True``, the data type is returned as a string with the following possible values: ``GDT_Unknown``, ``GDT_Byte``, ``GDT_UInt16``, ``GDT_Int16``, ``GDT_UInt32``, ``GDT_Int32``, ``GDT_Float32``, ``GDT_Float64``, ``GDT_CInt16``, ``GDT_CInt32``, ``GDT_CFloat32``, and ``GDT_CFloat64``. .. method:: data(data=None, offset=None, size=None) .. versionadded:: 1.9 The accessor to the pixel values of the ``GDALBand``. Returns the complete data array if no parameters are provided. A subset of the pixel array can be requested by specifying an offset and block size as tuples. If NumPy is available, the data is returned as NumPy array. For performance reasons, it is highly recommended to use NumPy. Data is written to the ``GDALBand`` if the ``data`` parameter is provided. The input can be of one of the following types - packed string, buffer, list, array, and NumPy array. The number of items in the input must correspond to the total number of pixels in the band, or to the number of pixels for a specific block of pixel values if the ``offset`` and ``size`` parameters are provided. For example: >>> rst = GDALRaster({'width': 4, 'height': 4, 'srid': 4326, 'datatype': 1, 'nr_of_bands': 1}) >>> bnd = rst.bands[0] >>> bnd.data(range(16)) >>> bnd.data() array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3], [ 4, 5, 6, 7], [ 8, 9, 10, 11], [12, 13, 14, 15]], dtype=int8) >>> bnd.data(offset=(1, 1), size=(2, 2)) array([[ 5, 6], [ 9, 10]], dtype=int8) >>> bnd.data(data=[-1, -2, -3, -4], offset=(1, 1), size=(2, 2)) >>> bnd.data() array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3], [ 4, -1, -2, 7], [ 8, -3, -4, 11], [12, 13, 14, 15]], dtype=int8) >>> bnd.data(data='\x9d\xa8\xb3\xbe', offset=(1, 1), size=(2, 2)) >>> bnd.data() array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3], [ 4, -99, -88, 7], [ 8, -77, -66, 11], [ 12, 13, 14, 15]], dtype=int8) Settings ======== .. setting:: GDAL_LIBRARY_PATH ``GDAL_LIBRARY_PATH`` --------------------- A string specifying the location of the GDAL library. Typically, this setting is only used if the GDAL library is in a non-standard location (e.g., ``/home/john/lib/libgdal.so``).